DIP: 18.02.075/20251003 
DOI: 10.25215/2455/1003075 
Abstract
This report presents an exhaustive socioeconomic analysis of the evolving gender roles within urban and rural Indian families, exploring the dynamics of change, the significant divergences between these two contexts, and the paradoxes inherent in national policy. India’s rapid economic growth and legislative advancements for gender equality coexist with deeply entrenched and, in some cases, worsening gender disparities. This paper argues that the forces of modernization, urbanization, and policy intervention interact in complex ways with traditional social structures, producing outcomes that are often contradictory to stated goals. The analysis demonstrates how traditional patriarchal norms, the burden of unpaid labor, and structural labor market distortions create powerful disincentives for women’s economic participation, particularly along the urban-rural divide. A critical examination of national policies reveals a persistent gap between legislative intent and on-the-ground reality, where well-intentioned programs are subverted by ingrained societal norms and a focus on quantifiable metrics over genuine empowerment. The report concludes with strategic recommendations for a holistic, intersectional policy paradigm that addresses systemic barriers rather than merely treating the symptoms of inequality.
The author(s) appreciates all those who participated in the study and helped to facilitate the research process. 
The author(s) declared no conflict of interest. 
ISSN 2455-670X