Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder is distinguished by a variety of early-onset difficulties in social communication and repetitive sensory-motor activities, which are frequently anchored in a major genetic component as well as other contributing elements. Individuals with autism are today more optimistic than they were five decades ago, with a growing number learning to speak, read, and participate actively in community life. However, full-time employment and complete independence remain elusive for the majority. Despite the intriguing risk patterns identified through genetic and neurological studies, practical applications remain limited. The disorder’s complex and mysterious origins strongly suggest a substantial genetic foundation. ASD is growing more widespread across the world, with current research showing that 6 out of every 1000 children are affected Biomarkers that examine early structural and functional links, as well as other biological processes, have the ability to diagnose ASD risk before obvious behavioural symptoms appear.  Despite these advancements, diagnosis typically occurs between the ages of 4-5. This study focuses on progress in identifying early behavioural and biological indicators, discusses current screening options and challenges, and explores best practices in diagnostic assessment, including emerging data on innovative service models.